Terminal definition. What is a terminal? See what "Terminal" is in other dictionaries

b) this is a warehouse located at the final or intermediate point of the transport network that organizes multimodal transportation of goods with the participation of air, road and sea transport;

c) this is a place of storage of material resources located at the final or intermediate point of the transport network;

d) a technical structure designed to perform the function of distributing material flow between end users;

e) a place to store a wider range of products, which may be at different stages of the movement of material flow from the supplier to the final consumer.
58. Which of the following warehouses belong to the group of warehouses, classified by function:

a) supply logistics warehouse, production logistics warehouse, distribution logistics warehouse;

b) a manufacturer's warehouse, a warehouse of trading companies, a warehouse of trading and intermediary companies, a warehouse of a forwarding company;

c) buffer stock warehouse, transit warehouse, commission warehouse, special warehouse;

d) terminal, distribution center, logistics center;

e) Answers "c", "d" are correct.
59. What opportunities are implied in the implementation of the function of the warehouse "consolidation of goods":

e) a unit of measurement for the volume of a shipment.
70. What components define and characterize the storage system:

a) logistics operations in the warehouse;

b) technical means designed to move cargo on the territory of the warehouse;

c) form of ownership of the warehouse, location of the warehouse;

d) answers "a", "b", "c";

e) answers "a", "b".
71. What is the difference between the two laying methods: floor and rack:

a) in the floor storage method, cargo packages or commodity packages are stacked on top of each other; with the rack method of warehousing, goods are stored on shelves;

b) the floor storage method is used to store large and heavy batches of homogeneous goods; and rack, as a rule, for small and light packages of goods;

c) the floor storage method is used in non-mechanized warehouses; and rack - in mechanized warehouses;

d) Answers "a" and "b" are correct.

e) Answers "a", "b", "c" are correct.
72. What is a standardized loading unit:

a) a certain amount of goods that are loaded, transported, unloaded and stored as a single mass;

b) a certain amount of goods, which, with its parameters, links technological processes in different parts of the logistics chain into a single whole;

c) consolidated individual industrial packaging into a single standardized "package", convenient for transportation and handling;

d) a modern method of packing cargo in the form of a standardized package;

e) it is a standardized unit of volume for a shipment lot.
73. What does the concept of "commission" include:

a) search and selection of products in the warehouse in accordance with customer orders;

b) consolidation of goods into an economical consignment;

c) sorting of selected products according to individual orders;

d) formation of a cargo unit;

e) All answers are correct.
74. Warehouse cargo turnover is:

a) the number of goods passing through the production area of ​​the warehouse per unit of time;

b) the number of products sold for the corresponding

period of time;

c) the number of allocated material and technical resources for a certain time;

d) an indicator reflecting the total mass of goods subjected to warehouse operations;

e) the total material flow in the warehouse.
75. Inventory is:

a) in checking the actual presence of goods;

b) in comparison of the actual availability of goods with accounting data;

c) in establishing the facts of theft;

d) all answers are correct;

e) Answers "a" and "b" are correct.
76. What is meant in logistics by a logistics system (LS):

a) a complex organizationally completed economic system, which consists of element-links interconnected in a single process of managing material and related flows, and the tasks of these links have different functional purposes;

b) a set of actions aimed at the production of finished products or services demanded by the consumer at a certain time;

c) a complex set of functional elements (links) interconnected in a single process of production and marketing of finished products to the end consumer;

d) a complex organizationally completed (structured) economic system, which consists of elements interconnected in a single process of managing material and related flows, and the tasks of the functioning of these links are united by internal and (or) external goals;

e) an organizationally completed economic system that solves the problems of optimizing the movement of small business at the macrologistic level;

e) there is no correct answer.
77. What properties characterize the logistics system:

a) complexity, structuredness, hierarchy, isolation;

b) hierarchy, adaptability, divisionality, flexibility;

c) integrity, complexity, hierarchy, structure;

d) adaptability, integrity, functionality, complexity;

e) integrity, organicity, functionality, structuredness;

e) there is no correct answer.
78. Which statement is not true:

a) the logistics system has integrative qualities;

b) the logistics system has a certain organizational structure;

c) the logistics system is characterized by subordination

elements;

d) the logistics system has a complex nature of the interactions of elements;

e) the logistics system does not interact with the external environment;

e) there is no correct answer.
79. What factors influence the transformation of modern logistics systems:

a) the speed of the material flow increases, the intensity and complexity of the information flow increase, the number of links in the logistics chain decreases, but the complexity of the relationship increases;

b) financial relationships between logistics intermediaries become more complicated, the reliability of the logistics chain decreases, and the speed of the material flow decreases;

c) the number of logistics chain agents is reduced, and the structure of their relationships is simplified;

d) the reliability of the logistics chain decreases, as stocks in production and distribution networks practically disappear, financial relationships between logistics intermediaries are simplified;

e) the speed of the material flow becomes less intense, the information flow is simplified, the number of links in the logistics chain increases;

e) there is no correct answer.
80. What characterizes the first stage of the formation of logistics management:

a) the traditional division of logistics functions;

b) grouping individual logistics functions into operating blocks;

c) organizational separation of logistics into an independent service;

d) unification of all logistics functions under a single management;

e) process-oriented management;

e) there is no correct answer.
81. What relates to the elements of the evaluation of logistics activities:

a) analysis-audit;

b) planning;

c) forecasting;

d) standardization;

e) description;

e) there is no correct answer.
82. Which of the elements is not typical for logistics controlling:

a) obtaining information on intermediate results of activities;

b) comparative analysis of normative and resulting indicators;

c) formation of an information base of normative, planned, accounting and reporting indicators;

d) development of regulatory measures;

e) planning the results of the logistics system;

e) there is no correct answer.
83. What is not typical for logistic analysis:

a) analysis of the implementation of the strategic and operational logistics plan;

b) analysis of the compliance of the logistics strategic plan with marketing and production;

c) analysis of the degree of customer satisfaction;

d) analysis of the effectiveness of the implementation of logistics work by each link of the logistics system;

e) analysis of the effectiveness of the use of investments, fixed assets, working capital, material resources in logistics management;

e) there is no correct answer.
84. Which of the following elements does not apply to the risks of the logistics system:

a) commercial risk;

b) environmental risk;

c) technical risk;

d) risk of loss of property;

e) the risk of inefficiency of on-farm control;

e) there is no correct answer.
85. What is controlling in the logistics system

a) an orderly and continuous process of processing logistics data, ensuring the supply of information to management personnel in order to ensure the optimal achievement of the goals of the enterprise's logistics system and the implementation of the coordination and optimization of material and related flows with other processes occurring in the enterprise and outside it;

b) current control of the functional divisions of the enterprise in order to ensure the balance of their work;

c) monitoring the effectiveness of managing logistics flow processes;

d) the procedure for verification, comparison and control, carried out to assess the effectiveness of the supply and marketing service;

e) monitoring the implementation of the operational logistics plan in order to ensure the effective functioning of the production logistics system;

e) there is no correct answer.
86. What is the essence of the concept of total logistics costs:

a) in cost accounting for all functional areas;

b) in accounting for the costs associated with the transportation and storage of the MC;

c) in optimizing total costs by regrouping costs for logistics operations;

e) in cost accounting for each individual logistic operation;

e) there is no correct answer.
87. What contributes to the implementation of the concept of total costs:

a) cost accounting for functional areas;

b) discrete cost accounting;

c) quarterly cost accounting;

d) end-to-end business process cost accounting;

e) modern methods of accounting analysis;

e) there is no correct answer.

When I started my graduate studies at the University of Helsinki, the worst thing I could see on my colleagues was a black screen with only text and a blinking cursor. Later I learned that this program is called Terminal and is an indispensable tool for bioinformaticians and other professionals who analyze large amounts of data. Since most geneticists and evolutionary biologists will sooner or later face the need to work in the Terminal, I decided to write an introductory article about what Terminal is and what it is for.

What is a Terminal?

Let's start by understanding the meaning of the word "terminal". A terminal is a part of a certain system that ensures its interaction with the external environment. For example, a terminal is a part of an airport where transactions are made with passengers before they are sent to the aircraft or after the aircraft arrives at the airport. That is, the airport terminal is the point of entry and exit in the air transportation system, in which the staff sets the parameters for operations with passengers: who, when and where to go. The terminal in the computer does the same, only instead of passengers - data, and instead of personnel - the user. Thus, the terminal is a window of communication between a person and the operating system.

Before the advent of the graphical interfaces familiar to us, people used text terminals into which they entered commands using the keyboard, and the result of the calculations was displayed on the screen. However, to this day, the terminal, or rather the terminal emulator, is in every operating system: in Windows it is an application cmd.exe(Command Line or simply "Console"), in Linux and MacOS - a program Terminal.

All emulators look about the same: this is a command line that works on the principle of "ask a question, get an answer." This is often a black screen with white text and a blinking cursor used to navigate the input line.

Why do we need a Terminal?

There are three reasons that make the Terminal an indispensable tool for researchers analyzing large amounts of data:

• it allows you to program the manipulation of files and folders in the operating system
• Inside it, you can run other programs and program their interaction with each other.
• Through it, work is carried out with servers and supercomputers, which allow analyzing gigabytes of data hundreds of times faster than on a personal computer.

Let's examine each of these aspects in more detail.

Terminal as file and folder manipulator

Most users do not need to use the Terminal due to the graphical shell of their operating system. However, it is indispensable when it comes to manipulating files and folders more complex than: "copy a document from one folder and paste it into another." I will give a simple example showing the limitations of using the graphical shell of the operating system.

Let's say I need to rename a photo and add the date the photo was taken to the current name. What could be simpler, you say: "open the file properties, copy the date the file was created, close the "Properties" window and insert the date into the file name." So it is, everything is quite simple, only you need to repeat this action for all the photos on my computer (and I have more than 25 thousand of them). Obviously, if I do it this way, this task will take me several weeks.

Solving the same task in the Terminal will take no more than half an hour even for a novice user. The trick is that in the Terminal the user can program actions, delegating routine work to the computer. There are different programming languages ​​in different types of terminal emulators, but probably the most common language these days is bash(There will be a separate article about it soon).

Using the Terminal to create scripts

Another important feature of terminal emulators is the ability to run other programs in it in order to automate processes in programs and provide autonomous interaction between them. If the input and output data of these programs are formatted as files, then the Terminal will be able to run programs sequentially. The algorithm will resemble a chain of the following actions: run program A, load input data (file A) there, export analysis results to file B, close program A, run program B, load file B there, and so on ...

Thus, millions of files can be analyzed automatically and in a short time. This feature makes the Terminal an indispensable tool among bioinformaticians, geneticists and evolutionary biologists who work with the genomes of organisms, which in digitized form are a lot of text files formatted in different formats.

Management of supercomputers and servers through the Terminal

The terminal is not only a window to the operating system of a personal computer, but also to the operating system of a server or supercomputer, which may be thousands of kilometers away from your current location. Algorithms can be sent to the supercomputer through the terminal emulator ( bash-scripts) that could take a week to run on your computer. Thanks to its power, the supercomputer will carry out calculations in a matter of hours. This approach allows us to analyze large data sets in the shortest possible time.

As a rule, supercomputers and servers have versions of the operating system linux. Since there are practically no differences between terminal emulators on Linux and on Mac, in future articles I will write only about terminal emulators that work in the programming language bash(eg program Terminal).

Conclusion

I hope this article was useful and helped to give a general idea about the terminals of operating systems and their role in the life of researchers. If you have any questions, ask them in the comments, I will be happy to answer.

In the next article we will look at how to open Terminal on Linux and MacOS, as well as customize it for you for further convenient work.

The word "terminal" came to us from the English language and its literal meaning is "final, last, final." In general, the word "terminal" refers to the final part of any system. The function of this part is to maintain the connection of the system with the external environment. What are the terminals and what is the terminal for receiving payments, will be discussed further.

What are terminals for?

The word "terminal" in modern Russian is most often called:

1. Points of embarkation and disembarkation of passengers in transport networks. For example, large airports usually have multiple terminals.
2. Points of loading and unloading of various cargoes and their buffer accumulation. For example, an oil terminal is used to store petroleum products.
3. Arrangement of a workplace on a multi-user computer (console, monitor with keyboard, etc.). These devices are commonly referred to as computer terminals.
4. A device for transmitting and receiving data in communication systems.
5. Telephone subscribers in mobile networks.
6. Self-service devices for accepting various payments.

At present, the number of payment terminals has increased, so we will dwell on the last point in more detail.

What is a payment terminal

There are so many types of payment terminals now that people often confuse them with ATMs. However, the functions of these devices are different: ATMs are needed to dispense cash and carry out some banking operations, and payment terminals are designed exclusively to receive money for making all kinds of payments and transfers. However, now there are devices successfully combining these two functions. For the most part, self-service payment terminals are of four types:

• floor (they are most often placed in large stores, underground passages and cafes);
• built-in (usually located in the buildings of banks and large offices);
• mounted (found in small office buildings and small shops);
• street.

Payment terminals can be installed by any entrepreneur or organization. To do this, installers must obtain a license. Installation of terminals is made by agreement with the company whose payments will be accepted by the device. At present, almost any payment can be made through the terminal: from replenishing a phone account to paying for tickets for transport, utilities, etc. In addition, using a payment terminal, you can replenish electronic wallets, transfer money to various types of plastic cards, pay for purchases in online stores.

The percentage charged for using the terminal varies from 0 to 9%. The main advantage of using such terminals is that, thanks to GPRS, payments are processed almost instantly, moreover, when using the terminals, you do not need to go through any special authorization - you just need to carefully enter the payment details.

More details on how to use payment terminals correctly are described in the article on our website.